False Subjects
Cause, Consequence - SO,SO - SUCH, SO - BECAUSE
Linkers
Time
Conditionals
1.1 The Passive - Personal and Impersonal Structures
Comparitives and Superlatives
Like - Seem, As, Appear to be, As though,
Opposites
Wish - Regret
Quantifiers
Common Collocations
1 The Passive - Normal sentences
Advice, Suggestions, Obligations, and Permission
Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives
Reflexive Pronouns
1.2 The Passive - Causative Form
Multi Word Verbs
Modal Verbs
Verb Patterns
The Present Perfect
Auxilliary verbs - Modal verbs
Reported Speech
PET - AS, LIKE 2
PET - REPORTED SPEECH 1
PET - FOR, SINCE, UNTIL, AGO, BY, DURING
PET - TOO, ENOUGH
PET - GOOD, WELL
PET - AGREE, DISAGREE
PET - GIVING ADVICE
PET - INTERESTED, INTERESTING
PET - SO and BECAUSE
PET - SOME, ANY
PET - IS LIKE, LOOKS LIKE, LIKES
PET - IF, WHEN and UNLESS
PET - MUST, HAVE TO, ALLOWED TO, PROHIBITED 1
PET - MAKING SUGGESTIONS
PET - TALL, TALLER THAN, THE TALLEST, NOT AS TALL AS
PET - NEVER BEFORE - FIRST TIME
PET - TO SWIM, SWIMMING
PET - LEND, BORROW, OWE
PET - HAS, THERE ARE
PET - I, ME, MY, MINE, MYSELF and BY MYSELF
PET - AS SOON AS, AS ... AS
PET - ADVISE, ADVICE
PET - OTHER, ANOTHER, THE OTHER
PET - AS, LIKE 1
PET - REPORTED SPEECH 2 - QUESTIONS
PET - USED TO
PET - FEW, MANY, LITTLE, MUCH
PET - PRACTICE, PRACTISE
PET - EFFECT, AFFECT
PET - PREFER, LIKE MORE THAN
PET - SO and SUCH
PET - IF, WHEN and UNLESS
You are given a block of text which explains the theory of this concept.
Once you have read the theory, do the exercises given below to test how well you have understood the ideas.
How to do the Exercises:
You are given a set of words.
You are also given some sentences with input boxes, and you are required to use the words to complete the sentences correctly.
You can put your chosen word into the input box by first clicking on the word and then in the input box.
The word will appear in the input box.
If it is correct, it will go green, and if not, it will go red.
IF and UNLESS are used to describe the conditions under which something can happen.
- You can go to Madrid IF you have a car.
This means the condition for you to be able to go to Madrid is to have a car.
It also means you can ONLY go to Madrid IF you have a car.
So ONLY IF is more accurate than IF on its own.
This sentence can be expressed in another way using UNLESS, but with the same meaning.
- You cannot go to Madrid UNLESS you have a car.
Notice that when UNLESS is used, GO is replaced by CANNOT GO.
- You CAN go to Madrid IF you have a car.
- You CANNOT go to Madrid UNLESS you have a car.
In such sentences, you can use IF or WHEN, but they have different meanings.
- I will call you IF I have time. (you are not sure IF you can call. It depends on you having time.)
- I will call you WHEN I have time. (you are sure you can call. It depends on WHEN you have time.)
IF is used in a similar way to WHETHER, but they have slightly different meanings.
IF suggests only one option, but WHETHER suggests two options.
- I will go to Madrid IF I have a car.
- I will go to Madrid WHETHER I have a car or not.
They have very similar meanings, but WHETHER is more correct when there are two conditions given, if not IF is fine.
Here, we have WHETHER I HAVE A CAR or WHETHER I DON'T HAVE A CAR.
Notice WHETHER is always used with OR.
IF and UNLESS are commonly used in transformation exercises.
- He will help us only IF we pay him.
- He will not help us UNLESS we pay him.
I will take you with me (1) I can.
I will take you with me (2) I have permission or not.
I will not go (3) I can take you with me.
If you want to work in some countries you need a visa.
You cannot work in some countries (4) you have a visa.
If you want to drive a car, you need a license.
You cannot drive a car (5) you have a license.
Only girls can use this changing room.
You can only use this changing room (6) you are a girl.
You can't play chess unless there are two players.
You can only play chess (7) there are two players.
We can only go out later if we finish our work.
We can't go out later (8) we finish our work.
She won't come if you don't ask her.
She won't come (9) you ask her.
I won't speak to you unless you apologise.
I will only speak to you (10) you apologise.
If I finish my work, I can go out at the weekend.
I can't go out at the weekend (11) I finish my work.