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1.1 The Passive - Personal and Impersonal Structures

Instructions: None
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1.1 The Passive - Personal and Impersonal Structures

Theory:

Another form of the passive is called the Impersonal structure, which begins with IT:

They say he is rich. - active

He is said TO BE rich. - passive

It is said that he is rich.  impersonal

or

They say he was rich. - active

He is said TO HAVE BEEN rich. - passive

It is said that he was rich.  impersonal


Notice in the present, IS becomes TO BE, and in the past, WAS becomes TO HAVE BEEN.


These structures are commonly used with verbs like

believe

consider

think

know

expect

suppose


They BELIEVE she IS lonely.

She is BELIEVED TO BE lonely.


They CONSIDER her to be lonely.

She is CONSIDERED TO BE lonely.


They THINK she IS lonely.

She is THOUGHT TO BE lonely.


They KNOW she IS lonely.

She is KNOWN TO BE lonely.


They EXPECT she will fail.

She is EXPECTED TO fail.


They suppose it will rain.

It is supposed to rain.

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Complete the sentences using impersonal and personal structures:


  • KNOW
  • BE
  • KNOWN
  • TO
  • IS
  • THAT

People know that smoking is bad for you.

Smoking (1) bad for you.

It (2) smoking is bad for you.


  • THINK
  • BE
  • THOUGHT
  • TO
  • IS
  • THAT

People think the climate is getting hotter.

The climate (3) getting hotter.

It (4) the climate is getting hotter.


  • HAVE
  • BE
  • BELIEVED
  • TO
  • IS
  • THAT
  • BEEN

People believe the earth was cooler in the past.

The earth (5) cooler in the past.

It (6) the earth was cooler in the past.


TYPICAL FCE SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS USING THE PASSIVE


  • BEEN
  • BE
  • DISCOVERED
  • TO
  • SAID
  • HAVE

They say he was discovered by his agent while working as a labourer.

SAID

He is (7) discovered by his agent while working as a labourer.


  • THAT
  • ICE
  • THOUGHT
  • TO
  • THE
  • IS

People think the ice in Antarctica is melting.

THOUGHT

It (8) in Antarctica is melting.