False Subjects
Cause, Consequence - SO,SO - SUCH, SO - BECAUSE
Linkers
Time
Conditionals
1.1 The Passive - Personal and Impersonal Structures
Comparitives and Superlatives
Like - Seem, As, Appear to be, As though,
Opposites
Wish - Regret
Quantifiers
Common Collocations
1 The Passive - Normal sentences
Advice, Suggestions, Obligations, and Permission
Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives
Reflexive Pronouns
1.2 The Passive - Causative Form
Multi Word Verbs
Modal Verbs
Verb Patterns
The Present Perfect
Auxilliary verbs - Modal verbs
Reported Speech
PET - AS, LIKE 2
PET - REPORTED SPEECH 1
PET - FOR, SINCE, UNTIL, AGO, BY, DURING
PET - TOO, ENOUGH
PET - GOOD, WELL
PET - AGREE, DISAGREE
PET - GIVING ADVICE
PET - INTERESTED, INTERESTING
PET - SO and BECAUSE
PET - SOME, ANY
PET - IS LIKE, LOOKS LIKE, LIKES
PET - IF, WHEN and UNLESS
PET - MUST, HAVE TO, ALLOWED TO, PROHIBITED 1
PET - MAKING SUGGESTIONS
PET - TALL, TALLER THAN, THE TALLEST, NOT AS TALL AS
PET - NEVER BEFORE - FIRST TIME
PET - TO SWIM, SWIMMING
PET - LEND, BORROW, OWE
PET - HAS, THERE ARE
PET - I, ME, MY, MINE, MYSELF and BY MYSELF
PET - AS SOON AS, AS ... AS
PET - ADVISE, ADVICE
PET - OTHER, ANOTHER, THE OTHER
PET - AS, LIKE 1
PET - REPORTED SPEECH 2 - QUESTIONS
PET - USED TO
PET - FEW, MANY, LITTLE, MUCH
PET - PRACTICE, PRACTISE
PET - EFFECT, AFFECT
PET - PREFER, LIKE MORE THAN
PET - SO and SUCH
Conditionals
A conditional sentence has 2 parts, the condition and the consequence:
If you study, you will pass your exam.
Here, the condition is STUDY, shown by the word IF, and the consequence is PASS YOUR EXAM.
There are several types of conditional sentences, but our interest here is how they are tested in the FCE sentence transformations:
There is a connection between the words IF, UNLESS and BECAUSE.
IF you study, you will pass your exam.
You will not pass your exam UNLESS you study.
You will pass your exam BECAUSE you studied.
Roberto arrived late this morning because his train was delayed.
TIME
If the train (1) Roberto would not have arrived late this morning.
I arrived late because I missed the 10.30 train.
TURNED
If I'd caught the 10.30 train, I (2) time.
He's angry because he broke his phone.
ANGRY
He wouldn't (3) not broken his phone.
I won't help you unless you try harder.
TRY
I will only (4) harder.
I couldn't have found my keys without her help.
KEYS
I couldn't have found (5) not helped me.
She invited you because she thought you wanted to go.
IF
She wouldn't (6) thought you didn't want to go.
I didn't get the job because I don't have a degree.
JOB
I think I would have got (7) a degree.
You should look after your things better.
WOULD
If I (8) after my things better.
You didn't study so I'm not surprised you failed.
MIGHT
If you (9) have failed.
You can use my bicycle as long as you promise to look after it.
PROMISE
I'll let you use my (10) look after it.