False Subjects
Cause, Consequence - SO,SO - SUCH, SO - BECAUSE
Linkers
Time
Conditionals
1.1 The Passive - Personal and Impersonal Structures
Comparitives and Superlatives
Like - Seem, As, Appear to be, As though,
Opposites
Wish - Regret
Quantifiers
Common Collocations
1 The Passive - Normal sentences
Advice, Suggestions, Obligations, and Permission
Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives
Reflexive Pronouns
1.2 The Passive - Causative Form
Multi Word Verbs
Modal Verbs
Verb Patterns
The Present Perfect
Auxilliary verbs - Modal verbs
Reported Speech
PET - AS, LIKE 2
PET - REPORTED SPEECH 1
PET - FOR, SINCE, UNTIL, AGO, BY, DURING
PET - TOO, ENOUGH
PET - GOOD, WELL
PET - AGREE, DISAGREE
PET - GIVING ADVICE
PET - INTERESTED, INTERESTING
PET - SO and BECAUSE
PET - SOME, ANY
PET - IS LIKE, LOOKS LIKE, LIKES
PET - IF, WHEN and UNLESS
PET - MUST, HAVE TO, ALLOWED TO, PROHIBITED 1
PET - MAKING SUGGESTIONS
PET - TALL, TALLER THAN, THE TALLEST, NOT AS TALL AS
PET - NEVER BEFORE - FIRST TIME
PET - TO SWIM, SWIMMING
PET - LEND, BORROW, OWE
PET - HAS, THERE ARE
PET - I, ME, MY, MINE, MYSELF and BY MYSELF
PET - AS SOON AS, AS ... AS
PET - ADVISE, ADVICE
PET - OTHER, ANOTHER, THE OTHER
PET - AS, LIKE 1
PET - REPORTED SPEECH 2 - QUESTIONS
PET - USED TO
PET - FEW, MANY, LITTLE, MUCH
PET - PRACTICE, PRACTISE
PET - EFFECT, AFFECT
PET - PREFER, LIKE MORE THAN
PET - SO and SUCH
1 The Passive - Normal sentences
You are given a block of text which explains the theory of this concept.
Once you have read the theory, do the exercises given below to test how well you have understood the ideas.
How to do the Exercises:
You are given a set of words.
You are also given some sentences with input boxes, and you are required to use the words to complete the sentences correctly.
You can put your chosen word into the input box by first clicking on the word and then in the input box.
The word will appear in the input box.
If it is correct, it will go green, and if not, it will go red.
In a normal sentence in English, there is a subject, a verb and the verb has an object.
David is eating an apple.
Here, David is the subject, eating is the verb, and an apple is the object. This is called the active form.
The position of these elements can be changed to give the passive form, where the subject and the object of the verb change places.
An apple is being eaten by David.
Here, an apple becomes the subject, the verb changes form from IS EATING to IS BEING EATEN, and the object becomes BY DAVID.
The position of an element corresponds to its importance in the sentence.
If David is the subject, then David is the most important element in the sentence. If the positions are changed, the reason is to give another element more importance.
David cleans our windows.
Here we are more interested in who cleans the windows than in the windows, so if that person is David, then he is the most important element.
It is the answer to the question:
Who cleans your windows?
If we change the sentence to
Our windows are cleaned by david.
Then we are more interested in the windows than in David. This is an answer to the question
What is cleaned by David?
It is important to understand how the verb changes in this process:
cleans > is cleaned
is cleaning > is being cleaned
cleaned > was cleaned
was cleaning > was being cleaned
has cleaned > has been cleaned
must clean > must be cleaned
supposed to clean > supposed to be cleaned
Notice that:
Gerund verbs or verbs ending in ING use BEING + past participle.
He is CLEANING the car > The car IS BEING cleaned.
Modal verbs use BE + past participle
He SHOULD CLEAN the car > The car should BE cleaned.
Verbs in the infinitive use BE or TO BE + past participle.
He is supposed TO CLEAN the car > The car is suposed TO BE cleaned.
Notice also that all the passive forms use the past participle, CLEANED, and CLEANING become CLEANED.
Normally the passive is used when the person doing the action is not known:
The door was left open.
The chicken (1) (cook) at the moment.
The class (2) (teach) last week.
This car should (3) (sell) soon.
According to the report, the driver of the bus was a woman.
BEING
According to the report, the (4) by a woman.
A very friendly teacher taught our class today.
TAUGHT
We (5) by a very friendly teacher today.
A temporary manager is running the shop at the moment.
RUN
The shop (6) a temporary manager at the moment.
The doctor postponed the operation until the following week.
OFF
The operation (7) the doctor until the following week.